The English Civil War, which spanned from 1642 to 1651, was a conflict in England's history marked by a bitter struggle between the Royalists (supporters of King Charles I) and the Parliamentarians (led by Oliver Cromwell). The war arose from disputes over power, religion, and taxation, ultimately leading to a series of battles and campaigns. It resulted in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy, the establishment of the Commonwealth of England, and the execution of King Charles I in 1649. The war had profound political, social, and religious implications, ultimately reshaping the monarchy and the role of parliament in England.